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From: Ethan
Date: 2003-03-14 02:29:49 #
Subject: Re: [shavian] Spelling reform in simple stages

Toggle Shavian
C. Paige Gabhart wrote:
>
>
> Ethan wrote:
>
> I want to mention a bit about my personal accent, which, being
>
>>Midwestern American, is just about as close to General American as
>>you'll find in general use.
>>
>>I don't distinguish between "ah" and "on". I normally don't distinguish
>>between "ah" and "awe", except perhaps with the "word" awwww... (as in,
>>"Awww, what a cute puppy!") but any distinction is rare.
>>
> I live in southern Indiana where many people are from Kentucky. I
> believe I speak in a Midwestern accent with, perhaps, some southern
> overlay. I have always distinguished "awe" from "on" and can't imagine
> why one wouldn't. There is a commercial on television these days in
> which the announcer pronounces "nautical" as if it were spelled
> "notical," and I was quite nonplussed by it. It never occurred to me
> that someone would see "au" and pronounce it as "on". I guess this
> seems permissible since english spelling is has virtually no rationale
> anyway so all bets are off as to how a given letter or combination
> thereof should be pronounced. What does the statement "...British
> 'awe,' which is never heard..." mean. You are unaware of _anyone_ who
> pronounces "awe" in your area? For instance, in the sentence, "He was
> in awe," what does the last word sound like: "ah"or "o"? If that is
> the case, and I heard the sentence, I probably would not understand the
> meaning without further explanatory remarks.

The people of southern Indiana sound mostly southern to me!

I guess I'd have to record and post the sounds in order to really
demonstrate. But as far as "awe" goes, in British pronunciation, it
sounds to me more like "oh" than "ah". At least the people I've heard!
For instance, when I hear someone from England say "all", it sounds to
me like they are saying "oll". That's the "awe" sound that I'm
referring to when I say it's not used (that I'm aware of) in American
speech. If you distinguish between "awe" and "on", then you probably
pronounce "on" like "ah" as in "father", but pronounce "awe" just a bit
further back in the mouth, which sound is similar to the "o" in "hot"
the way some people pronounce it.

I pronounce nautical just like the "ah" sound in "father", "not", and
"awful", which words all have exactly the same "ah" sound in my speech.

>
>> Basically,
>>"ah", "awe", and "on" are all pronounced (or thought of) the same as ah
>>in father. If "awe" is pronounced, it is pronounced as British "on",
>>not British "awe", which is never heard (that I'm aware of.)
>>
>>"Up" and "ado" are not distinguished phonemically, though they may or
>>may not be pronounced differently.
>>
> This I concur with.
>
>>"Run" is pronounced as a semi-vowel, just like "yea" and "woe". "Err"
>>is actually a pure vowel sound, and does not normally contain an "ado",
>>or schwa sound.
>>
> This I don't understand. To me "err" is the schwa sound + "r.
>
> Paige

In most languages spoken in the world, the letter "r" represents a sound
made by flipping the tongue once, called an "alveolar flap" in the
science of phonetics. If you say "err" like "uh" followed by a flip of
the tongue toward the area just behind your teeth, then you pronounce it
as a consonant. But if you are able to prolong the sound indefinitely,
like "errrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr" until you run out of
breath, and your tongue is not fluttering up and down making a trilling
sound, then you are pronouncing it as a vowel. All this is unfamiliar
to most British English speakers, since they don't pronounce the letter
at all at the end of a syllable.

Here is the address for a webpage which explains the phonemes of
American English, including the semi-vowel "r" and the vowel "er".
http://cslu.cse.ogi.edu/tutordemos/SpectrogramReading/phoneme.html

Also, a page where the difference between the schwa sound and the "er"
sound is described:
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/aue/schwa.html

If you do any web searches on the topic of linguistics, you can gather
lots of information regarding the pronunciation of American English,
including the very questions you ask, which are quite frequently asked
by many people.

--
Ethan



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From: embryomystic@...
Date: 2003-03-14 02:35:29 #
Subject: RE: [shavian] Re: Shavian as a security measure

Toggle Shavian
*de-lurks*

How about, "If you can read this, say hello to me"?

*goes back to lurking*

Heisuagge


> ** Original Subject: RE: [shavian] Re: Shavian as a security measure
> ** Original Sender: "Joe" <allegrox_2000@...>
> ** Original Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2003 20:14:44 -0500 (EST)

> ** Original Message follows...

>
> <html><body>
>
>
> <tt>
>      I've been thinking about this for some time myself.  I was <BR>
> thinking maybe I could get a shirt made with a catchy phrase written <BR>
> in Shavian just to get people asking.  Perhaps a quote from Shaw, <BR>
> something like "Nothing is ever done in this world until men are <BR>
> prepared to kill one another if it is not done."  That's my <BR>
> favorite.  How does that idea sound to you?  Do you have any other <BR>
> suggestions for what to put on it?<BR>
> <BR>
> -AllegroX<BR>
> <BR>
> <BR>
> <BR>
> --- In shavian@..., Star Raven <celestraof12worlds@y...> <BR>
> wrote:<BR>
> > My point exactly, Ethan. But perhaps if we use in in our everyday<BR>
> > dealings, then those around us will be intrigued by it. It is this<BR>
> > interest that we need to develop. Perhaps we as a group should <BR>
> think of<BR>
> > ways to expand the use of it. We could transliterate popular works <BR>
> into<BR>
> > shavian, ect, and make these available to the public.<BR>
> > <BR>
> > just a thought,<BR>
> > --Star<BR>
> > <BR>
> > <BR>
> > > I have to agree, Shavian should be encouraged as a means of <BR>
> > > communication for the masses, rather than as a means of secure<BR>
> > > writing, <BR>
> > > which really can only give you a false sense of security.  Think<BR>
> > > about <BR>
> > > it - security is really one of the worst uses for Shavian!  Why? <BR>
> > > because you really have no control whatsoever over who may or may <BR>
> not<BR>
> > > <BR>
> > > understand Shavian, and the irony is that the person who knows<BR>
> > > Shavian <BR>
> > > is practically guaranteed to read your writing if they get a <BR>
> chance! <BR>
> > > Also, you automatically generate curiosity and fascination in <BR>
> people <BR>
> > > when they see your writing, and is that really what you want if <BR>
> you<BR>
> > > are <BR>
> > > trying to be discreet?<BR>
> > > <BR>
> > > In my prying around the internet, I seem to find the opinion <BR>
> stated <BR>
> > > quite often that "Shavian will never be accepted..." but that will<BR>
> > > only <BR>
> > > be the case if those of us who know Shavian fail to expose it to <BR>
> the <BR>
> > > public eye.  Well, at least exposing it to people can't help but <BR>
> do<BR>
> > > some <BR>
> > > good, while treating it like a "secret code" does very little <BR>
> good at<BR>
> > > <BR>
> > > all, if any.  And that's just my two cents worth.<BR>
> > > <BR>
> > > -- <BR>
> > > Ethan<BR>
> > > <BR>
> > > <BR>
> > <BR>
> > <BR>
> > =====<BR>
> > "Alright, enough with the storyline,  let's get back to the monster <BR>
> killing...Hello!"<BR>
> > <BR>
> > __________________________________________________<BR>
> > Do you Yahoo!?<BR>
> > Yahoo! Tax Center - forms, calculators, tips, more<BR>
> > <a href="http://taxes.yahoo.com/">http://taxes.yahoo.com/</a><BR>
> <BR>
> </tt>
>
> <br>
>
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>** --------- End Original Message ----------- **

>

---

"A witty saying proves nothing."
~Voltaire



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From: gerald baker
Date: 2003-03-14 02:38:29 #
Subject: Re: [shavian] Re: Shavian as a security measure

Toggle Shavian
Back in 1965, I was in a Shaw-Alphabet
"Ever-Circulator" group. It included Henry Kirchner,
of Garland, Texas, Mark Mandel, of New York City, a
young student, whose name I've forgotten, at a
high-class private school in Alabama, Peter Oliver, of
South Africa, and myself, sending circular letters in
the Shaw Alphabet.

Perhaps, as a result of this, Peter was ordered to
leave South Africa within 30 days. (He had recently
moved there from Southern Rhodesia, when that country
became independent and became Zimbabwe.) Maybe the
S.A. authorities thought our group was subversive, if
it had discovered our communication in that "secret"
alphabet!

That Alabama student had mentioned some racial
controversy and harassment that had happened in the
town where he lived. Maybe the S.A. authorities had
read that part of our correspondence.

I never heard from, or about, Peter Oliver again.

Gerald Baker

--- Scott Stephens <swstephe@...> wrote:
> "The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the
> unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the
> world
> to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the
> unreasonable man."
>
> --- Joe <allegrox_2000@...> wrote:
> > I've been thinking about this for some time
> > myself. I was
> > thinking maybe I could get a shirt made with a
> > catchy phrase written
> > in Shavian just to get people asking. Perhaps a
> > quote from Shaw,
> > something like "Nothing is ever done in this world
> > until men are
> > prepared to kill one another if it is not done."
> > That's my
> > favorite. How does that idea sound to you? Do
> you
> > have any other
> > suggestions for what to put on it?
> >
> > -AllegroX
> >
>
>


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From: Ethan
Date: 2003-03-14 04:34:30 #
Subject: Re: [shavian] Re: Spelling reform in simple stages

Toggle Shavian
Joe wrote:
> The "ah," "on," "awe" distinction seems to vary greatly between
> accents -- perhaps more than any other sounds, as far as I know. I
> also live in Southern Indiana (though I'm originally from Terre
> Haute, so my speech is more representative of, that area); and I
> distinguish "awe" when I'm not being lazy with my speech, but "ah,"
> and "on" both come out like "ah" when I say them. This is the way i
> talk, but I can't say what the "standard" pronunciation is. It just
> depends on who's talking.
> I take "semi-vowel" as a reference to what I would call an
> approximant. This would take a good while to explain fully; but
> suffice to say they're barely impeded, and they're almost like vowels.
> Actually, "err" is a pure vowel sound. It's a rhotic schwer
> (not schwa). "Err" and "array" don't contain any true R sounds. And
> the distinction between them is not really significant. "Err" occurs
> only in stressed syllables, and "array" occurs only in unstressed
> syllables. The pronunciation is decided by stress, and is no more
> significant to meaning than the stress is. There is really no need
> to distinguish them in spelling if you know which syllable to
> stress. With that in mind, I wish Reed had created some way to
> indicate stress in spelling. I've dabbled in creating some
> alternative notations of my own, and the method I've come to like
> best is to use an apostrophe (') before a syllable with primary
> stress, and a comma (,) to indicate secondary stress (if desired).
> Both would come before the syllable they mark. I don't mean to try
> to change the way we use Shavian, but this could be useful for obsure
> words or to distinguish between words that are otherwise identical.
>
> -AllegroX

Is schwer the IPA symbol that looks like a small 3 with a little hook on
the top?

One good way to determine if a sound is a vowel is if your tongue
doesn't touch any part of your mouth while you say it, and it can form a
syllable by itself. The letter "err" as pronounced by most Americans
fits this criterion.

You mention the letter "array" and its use in unaccented syllables. It
sounds like something similar to the difference between the letters
"ado" and "up", which I do use, but sometimes inconsistantly. I could
use "array" for unaccented "schwer" syllables, I suppose, but my
confusion over the matter stems from the word "array", which I pronounce
like "a ray", with a distinct "roar" consonant after the "ado". Thus
the letter "array" seems like a non-syllabic letter to me. Maybe I need
to revise my usage. But if I do, then I will have to spell the word
*array* as /arE/, rather than /DE/, since that's the way I pronounce it.
I have been using "err" for both accented and non-accented syllables.

Even if we use slightly different spellings, according to the way we
talk, we can still be understood, just as we can understand the speech
of someone with a different accent. Maybe even easier.

--
Ethan



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From: RSRICHMOND@aol.com
Date: 2003-03-14 05:44:24 #
Subject: [shavian] Re: Shavian as a security measure

Toggle Shavian
AllegroX suggests a T-shirt.

Great idea - most adults can do with size XL - would suggest a short text
done in Shavian and in traditional orthography - remembering that the vast
majority of viewers of the T-shirt will have no idea that Shavian exists.

Bob Richmond
Knoxville TN


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From: Ethan
Date: 2003-03-14 05:53:10 #
Subject: Re: [shavian] Re: Shavian as a security measure

Toggle Shavian
Joe wrote:
> I've been thinking about this for some time myself. I was
> thinking maybe I could get a shirt made with a catchy phrase written
> in Shavian just to get people asking. Perhaps a quote from Shaw,
> something like "Nothing is ever done in this world until men are
> prepared to kill one another if it is not done." That's my
> favorite. How does that idea sound to you? Do you have any other
> suggestions for what to put on it?
>
> -AllegroX

Great idea! I'll have to think of something...

--
Ethan



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From: Hugh Birkenhead
Date: 2003-03-14 16:44:43 #
Subject: Re: [shavian] Re: Spelling reform in simple stages

Toggle Shavian
----- Original Message -----
From: Ethan <mailto:ethanl@...>
To: shavian@... <mailto:shavian@...>
Sent: Friday, March 14, 2003 4:33 AM
Subject: Re: [shavian] Re: Spelling reform in simple stages

Is schwer the IPA symbol that looks like a small 3 with a little hook on
the top?

Schwa is just a small letter 'e' rotated 180 degrees.

[snip]

You mention the letter "array" and its use in unaccented syllables. It
sounds like something similar to the difference between the letters
"ado" and "up", which I do use, but sometimes inconsistantly.



The word "array" was a dreadful choice to represent that phoneme (so was 'err'). Some less ambiguous alternatives would have been "bettER", "pERtain", etc. - they aren't quite as concise, but they allow less doubt as to what phoneme is being described. A truly poor choice by the Shaw Alphabet creators. :(

I could use "array" for unaccented "schwer" syllables, I suppose, but my
confusion over the matter stems from the word "array", which I pronounce
like "a ray", with a distinct "roar" consonant after the "ado".

This is only due to the poor choice of representative words by the creators. Many people have experienced similar confusion with the letter 'err' because they pronounce the WORD "err" as 'egg'+'roll'! The word "Array" can also be pronounced in more than one way by different people, hence the confusion there. I'm absolutely certain that they are only stressed and unstressed versions of the same 'er' phoneme.

Thus the letter "array" seems like a non-syllabic letter to me. Maybe I need
to revise my usage. But if I do, then I will have to spell the word
*array* as /arE/, rather than /DE/, since that's the way I pronounce it.

There's nothing wrong with this - Androcles does it, I think in the word "arrest" (a-rest). I would still do it in traditional Shavian, but in my revised version (that I'm still testing for integrity) there are no compound letters so it's always split.

I have been using "err" for both accented and non-accented syllables.

In conventional Shavian you should really make the stress distinction and use both 'array' and 'err' where appropriate. But this isn't always easy for everyone...




Even if we use slightly different spellings, according to the way we
talk, we can still be understood, just as we can understand the speech
of someone with a different accent. Maybe even easier.





We really don't want to accentuate accents in Shavian. It will never be useful as a solid, unambiguous communication and information storage method, which is probably the main defence of traditional orthography.

This is why I still maintain the increased unambiguity of the revised alphabet... You can still understand what you write, but it doesn't allow for even half of the spelling variations that can occur needlessly right now. And this is when you are consciously writing according to your dialect.

Hugh

From: paul vandenbrink
Date: 2003-03-14 17:23:55 #
Subject: [shavian] Re: Spelling reform in simple stages

Toggle Shavian
Ethan makes a good point. We need a list of clear-cut sample words
for each Shaw letter. And then if the word has a variant
pronunciation, A NEW LEARNER, would be able to determine its base
pronunciation from the other sample words in the list.
MAJORITY RULES.
And accordingly, (See Ethan's Final Point Below)
If you are not in the MAJORITY, then CONSISTENCY RULES.

Regards, Paul V.

P.S. Even if we use slightly different spellings, according to the
way we talk, we can still be understood, just as we can understand
the speech of someone with a different accent. Maybe even easier.
As long as we know the base pronunciation of each Shaw letter.

_______________________attached_____________________________

--- In shavian@..., Ethan <ethanl@3...> wrote:
> Is schwer the IPA symbol that looks like a small 3 with a little
hook on
> the top?
>
> One good way to determine if a sound is a vowel is if your tongue
> doesn't touch any part of your mouth while you say it, and it can
form a
> syllable by itself. The letter "err" as pronounced by most
Americans
> fits this criterion.
>
> You mention the letter "array" and its use in unaccented
syllables. It
> sounds like something similar to the difference between the letters
> "ado" and "up", which I do use, but sometimes inconsistantly. I
could
> use "array" for unaccented "schwer" syllables, I suppose, but my
> confusion over the matter stems from the word "array", which I
pronounce
> like "a ray", with a distinct "roar" consonant after the "ado".
Thus
> the letter "array" seems like a non-syllabic letter to me. Maybe I
need
> to revise my usage. But if I do, then I will have to spell the
word
> *array* as /arE/, rather than /DE/, since that's the way I
pronounce it.
> I have been using "err" for both accented and non-accented
syllables.
>
> Even if we use slightly different spellings, according to the way
we
> talk, we can still be understood, just as we can understand the
speech
> of someone with a different accent. Maybe even easier.
>
> --
> Ethan



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From: paul vandenbrink
Date: 2003-03-14 17:56:34 #
Subject: [shavian] Re: Spelling reform in simple stages

Toggle Shavian
Hey Hugh
After going through a number of these responses, it seems that most
interested people are interested in retaining in the Shaw
International Alphabet, the vocalic vowel "r" letter from the
Original Shaw Alphabet.
But as there are 2 letters representing this sound (Array, Err),
which one makes the most sense to add back in?
Ethan seems to prefer "err", possibly because he could not make sense
of "Array". I prefer "Array" for a couple of inconsequential
reasons. Any other preferences. American accents preferred.
MAJORITY RULES.


Regards, Paul V.
___________________attached_________________________________

--- In shavian@..., Ethan <ethanl@3...> wrote:
> Joe wrote:
> > The "ah," "on," "awe" distinction seems to vary greatly
between
> > accents -- perhaps more than any other sounds, as far as I know.
I
> > also live in Southern Indiana (though I'm originally from Terre
> > Haute, so my speech is more representative of, that area); and I
> > distinguish "awe" when I'm not being lazy with my speech,
but "ah,"
> > and "on" both come out like "ah" when I say them. This is the
way i
> > talk, but I can't say what the "standard" pronunciation is. It
just
> > depends on who's talking.
> > I take "semi-vowel" as a reference to what I would call an
> > approximant. This would take a good while to explain fully; but
> > suffice to say they're barely impeded, and they're almost like
vowels.
> > Actually, "err" is a pure vowel sound. It's a rhotic schwer
> > (not schwa). "Err" and "array" don't contain any true R sounds.
And
> > the distinction between them is not really significant. "Err"
occurs
> > only in stressed syllables, and "array" occurs only in unstressed
> > syllables. The pronunciation is decided by stress, and is no
more
> > significant to meaning than the stress is. There is really no
need
> > to distinguish them in spelling if you know which syllable to
> > stress. With that in mind, I wish Reed had created some way to
> > indicate stress in spelling. I've dabbled in creating some
> > alternative notations of my own, and the method I've come to like
> > best is to use an apostrophe (') before a syllable with primary
> > stress, and a comma (,) to indicate secondary stress (if
desired).
> > Both would come before the syllable they mark. I don't mean to
try
> > to change the way we use Shavian, but this could be useful for
obsure
> > words or to distinguish between words that are otherwise
identical.
> >
> > -AllegroX
>
> Is schwer the IPA symbol that looks like a small 3 with a little
hook on
> the top?
>
> One good way to determine if a sound is a vowel is if your tongue
> doesn't touch any part of your mouth while you say it, and it can
form a
> syllable by itself. The letter "err" as pronounced by most
Americans
> fits this criterion.
>
> You mention the letter "array" and its use in unaccented
syllables. It
> sounds like something similar to the difference between the letters
> "ado" and "up", which I do use, but sometimes inconsistantly. I
could
> use "array" for unaccented "schwer" syllables, I suppose, but my
> confusion over the matter stems from the word "array", which I
pronounce
> like "a ray", with a distinct "roar" consonant after the "ado".
Thus
> the letter "array" seems like a non-syllabic letter to me. Maybe I
need
> to revise my usage. But if I do, then I will have to spell the
word
> *array* as /arE/, rather than /DE/, since that's the way I
pronounce it.
> I have been using "err" for both accented and non-accented
syllables.
>
> Even if we use slightly different spellings, according to the way
we
> talk, we can still be understood, just as we can understand the
speech
> of someone with a different accent. Maybe even easier.
>
> --
> Ethan



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From: Joe
Date: 2003-03-14 22:12:14 #
Subject: [shavian] Re: Spelling reform in simple stages

Toggle Shavian
I prefer the letter "err" because I also pronounce "array" as two
syllables when it's at the beginnng of a word. And elsewhere, I
don't distinguish it from "err" at all. But I don't suppose it
matters much which letter we use if we're going to use it for both
values. I would prefer to spell "array" with a schwa followed by "r."

--- In shavian@..., "paul vandenbrink"
<pvandenbrink@s...> wrote:
> Hey Hugh
> After going through a number of these responses, it seems that most
> interested people are interested in retaining in the Shaw
> International Alphabet, the vocalic vowel "r" letter from the
> Original Shaw Alphabet.
> But as there are 2 letters representing this sound (Array, Err),
> which one makes the most sense to add back in?
> Ethan seems to prefer "err", possibly because he could not make
sense
> of "Array". I prefer "Array" for a couple of inconsequential
> reasons. Any other preferences. American accents preferred.
> MAJORITY RULES.
>
>
> Regards, Paul V.
> ___________________attached_________________________________
>
> --- In shavian@..., Ethan <ethanl@3...> wrote:
> > Joe wrote:
> > > The "ah," "on," "awe" distinction seems to vary greatly
> between
> > > accents -- perhaps more than any other sounds, as far as I
know.
> I
> > > also live in Southern Indiana (though I'm originally from Terre
> > > Haute, so my speech is more representative of, that area); and
I
> > > distinguish "awe" when I'm not being lazy with my speech,
> but "ah,"
> > > and "on" both come out like "ah" when I say them. This is the
> way i
> > > talk, but I can't say what the "standard" pronunciation is. It
> just
> > > depends on who's talking.
> > > I take "semi-vowel" as a reference to what I would call an
> > > approximant. This would take a good while to explain fully;
but
> > > suffice to say they're barely impeded, and they're almost like
> vowels.
> > > Actually, "err" is a pure vowel sound. It's a rhotic
schwer
> > > (not schwa). "Err" and "array" don't contain any true R
sounds.
> And
> > > the distinction between them is not really significant. "Err"
> occurs
> > > only in stressed syllables, and "array" occurs only in
unstressed
> > > syllables. The pronunciation is decided by stress, and is no
> more
> > > significant to meaning than the stress is. There is really no
> need
> > > to distinguish them in spelling if you know which syllable to
> > > stress. With that in mind, I wish Reed had created some way to
> > > indicate stress in spelling. I've dabbled in creating some
> > > alternative notations of my own, and the method I've come to
like
> > > best is to use an apostrophe (') before a syllable with primary
> > > stress, and a comma (,) to indicate secondary stress (if
> desired).
> > > Both would come before the syllable they mark. I don't mean to
> try
> > > to change the way we use Shavian, but this could be useful for
> obsure
> > > words or to distinguish between words that are otherwise
> identical.
> > >
> > > -AllegroX
> >
> > Is schwer the IPA symbol that looks like a small 3 with a little
> hook on
> > the top?
> >
> > One good way to determine if a sound is a vowel is if your tongue
> > doesn't touch any part of your mouth while you say it, and it can
> form a
> > syllable by itself. The letter "err" as pronounced by most
> Americans
> > fits this criterion.
> >
> > You mention the letter "array" and its use in unaccented
> syllables. It
> > sounds like something similar to the difference between the
letters
> > "ado" and "up", which I do use, but sometimes inconsistantly. I
> could
> > use "array" for unaccented "schwer" syllables, I suppose, but my
> > confusion over the matter stems from the word "array", which I
> pronounce
> > like "a ray", with a distinct "roar" consonant after the "ado".
> Thus
> > the letter "array" seems like a non-syllabic letter to me. Maybe
I
> need
> > to revise my usage. But if I do, then I will have to spell the
> word
> > *array* as /arE/, rather than /DE/, since that's the way I
> pronounce it.
> > I have been using "err" for both accented and non-accented
> syllables.
> >
> > Even if we use slightly different spellings, according to the way
> we
> > talk, we can still be understood, just as we can understand the
> speech
> > of someone with a different accent. Maybe even easier.
> >
> > --
> > Ethan



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